Saturday, September 11, 2010

learn korean -verbs

Verbs - Polite [Present, Past]
Verbs - Polite Form
While the informal form in (Verbs - Present, Past) is used between close friends or when older people are talking to younger people in informal situations. The polite form is used commonly between adults, by people in formal situations or when younger people are speaking to older people.
There are two ways of expressing negatives and "안~" form which is more convenient to use is more common than the other.
● Just add 요 at the end of a sentence.
Polite Spoken Form Present Past
Positive 먹어요 먹었어요
Negative 먹지 않아요
안 먹어요 먹지 않았어요
안 먹었어요
• 가다 → 가요 (go)
• 서다 → 서요 (stand)
• 사다 → 사요 (buy)
• 자라다 → 자라요 (grow)
• 하다 → 해요 (do)
• 원하다→ 원해요 (want)
• 구하다 → 구해요 (save)
• 앉다 → 앉아요 (sit)
• 먹다 → 먹어요 (eat)
Below is a table showing the polite written form. It is factual and declarative and so it is usually used in formal speeches, presentations and conferences. The news anchors and reporters also use this form while the newspaper articles use the informal form. Many fairy tales and children's stories use this form, too.
Polite Written Form Present Past
Positive 먹습니다 먹었습니다
Negative 먹지 않습니다
안 먹습니다 먹지 않았습니다
안 먹었습니다

● Rules
I. Plain Form → Polite Written Form (Present)
First Take 다 off a plain verb, then:
1. For verbs without a final consonant, add ㅂ 니다.
• 사다 → 삽니다 = buy
• 가다 → 갑니다 = go
• 자라다 → 자랍니다 = grow
• 하다 → 합니다 = do
• 던지다 → 던집니다 = throw
• 쓰다 → 씁니다 = write
• 빌리다 → 빌립니다 = borrow
2. For verbs with a final consonant, just add 습니다.
• 먹다 → 먹습니다 = eat
• 죽다 → 죽습니다 = die
• 듣다 → 듣습니다 = listen
• 읽다 → 읽습니다 = read
3. For verbs with ㄹ as a final consonant, change ㄹ to ㅂ and add 니다.
• 날다 → 납니다 = fly
• 놀다 → 놉니다 = play
• 밀다 → 밉니다 = push
II. Past Tense → Polite Written Form (Past)
● Take 다 off the past tense of a verb and add 습니다
• 갔다 → 갔습니다 = went
• 왔다 → 왔습니다 = came
• 먹었다 → 먹었습니다 = ate
• 달렸다 → 달렸습니다 = ran
• 썼다 → 썼습니다 = wrote
• 읽었다 → 읽었습니다 = read
• 봤다 → 봤습니다 = watched
Verbs - Descriptive Form II
Verbs - Descriptive Form II
The descriptive form II of verbs takes the meaning of "~ed." (ie. past tense) or is used as a past tense clause involving "who, which, that etc.".
Written Form Plain Descriptive II
Positive 달리다 달린
Negative 달리지 않다 달리지 않은

The Table of Common Verbs and Their Descriptive Forms II
Written Form Plain Descriptive II
Run 달리다 달린
Eat 먹다 먹은
Go 가 다 간
Stand 서다 선
Come 오다 온
Sit 앉다 앉은
Buy 사다 산
Sell 팔다 판
Grow 자라다 자란
Throw 던지다 던진
Borrow 빌리다 빌린
Lend 빌려주다 빌려준
Play 놀다 논
Write 쓰다 쓴
Read 읽다 읽은
Listen to 듣다 들은
Live 살다 산
Die 죽다 죽은

Verbs can be used in front of nouns to describe them, and form a past tense clause involving "who, which, that" of English. For example, the descriptive form II of 떠나다 is 떠난 and 떠난 기차 means a "train which left". Literally, 떠난 means "left" therefore 떠난 기차 = a left train

● Rules

First, take 다 off a verb and then,

1. For verbs with a final consonant, add 은

Eg.
• 먹다 → 먹은 = ate
• 사과 먹은 난쟁이 → a dwarf who ate an apple
• 죽다 → 죽은 = died/dead
• 죽은 병사 → a dead soldier (= a soldier who died)
• 믿다 → 믿지 않은 = disbelieved
• 믿지 않은 토마스 → Thomas who disbelieved
• 읽다 → 읽은 = read (past tense)
• 읽은 기사 → an article that I read

2. For verbs without a final consonant and verbs with ㄹ as a final consonant, replace it with ㄴ as a final consonant.

Eg.
• 빌리다 → 빌린 = borrowed
• 빌린 책 → a book which I borrowed (Lit. a borrowed book)
• 쓰다 →쓴 = wrote
• 성루까가 쓴 복음 = the gospel which St. Luke wrote
• 멈추다 → 멈춘 = stopped
• 버스가 멈춘 곳 = a place where the bus stopped

Sentences: Negatives
• 기다리다 → 기다리지 않은 = didn't wait
• 주님을 기다리지 않은 하인 → a servant who didn't wait for the Lord
• 먹다 → 먹지않은 = didn't eat
• 음식을 먹지 않은 개 = a dog who didn't eat food
• 포기하다 → 포기하지 않은 = didn't give up
• 끝까지 포기하지 않은 욥 = Job who didn't give up till the end

Posted by Luke at 8/31/2008 12:58:00 PM 3 comments Links to this post
Labels: Grammar, Verb
30 August 2008
Verbs - Contiunous
Verbs - Contiunous [~고 있다]

There are two ways of expressing negatives and "안~" form which is more convenient to use is more common than the other.
Written Form Plain Form Present Continuous
Positive 먹다 먹고 있다
Negative 먹지 않다
안 먹다 먹지 않고 있다
안 먹고 있다

Written Form Past Past Continuous
Positive 먹었다 먹고 있었다
Negative 먹지 않았다
안 먹었다 먹지 않고 있었다
안 먹고 있었다

Rules

Take 다 off and add 고 있다 for the positive form and 지 않고 있다 for the negative form.

Note: Replace 다 with 어/아 to change a written form to its spoken form.

Eg.
• 쓰다 → 쓰고 있다 = is writing
• 피터는 책을 쓰고 있다 = Peter is writing a book.
• 듣다 → 듣고 있다 = is listening
• 폴은 설교를 듣고 있다 = Paul is listening to a sermon
• 나는 점심을 먹고 있어 = I am eating lunch
• 줄리아는 안 달리고 있어 = Julia is not running
• 아기는 자지 않고 있었다 = The baby was not sleeping
• 영근 근위병은 버킹엄 궁전앞에서 계속 서고 있었다 = The English guardsman was standing continuously in front of the Buckingham Palace.
Spoken Form
Spoken Form Present Continuous Past Continuous
Positive 먹고 있어 먹고 있었어
Negative 먹지 않고 있어
안 먹고 있어 먹 지 않고 있었어
안 먹고 있었어



Formal Form

While the spoken form above is used between close friends or when older people are talking to younger people in informal situations. The formal form is used commonly between adults, by people in formal situations or when younger people are speaking to older people.

● Just add 요 at the end of a sentence.
Formal Spoken Form Present Continuous Past Continuous
Positive 먹고 있어요 먹고 있었어요
Negative 먹지 않고 있어요
안 먹고 있어요 먹 지 않고 있었어요
안 먹고 있었어요


● Formal Spoken Form → Formal Written Form
Rule: 어요 changes to 습니다
Formal Written Form Present Continuous Past Continuous
Positive 먹고 있습니다 먹고 있었습니다
Negative 먹지 않고 있습니다
안 먹고 있습니다 먹 지 않고 있었습니다
안 먹고 있었습니다

Verbs - Descriptive Form I
Verbs - Descriptive Form I

The descriptive form I of verbs takes the meaning of "~ing." (ie. Continuous), or is used as a present tense clause involving "which, that, who etc.".

Written Form Plain Descriptive I
Positive 달리다 달리는
Negative 달리지 않다 달리지 않는

The Table of Common Verbs and Their Descriptive Forms I
Written Form Plain Descriptive I
Run 달리다 달리는
Eat 먹다 먹는
Go 가 다 가는
Stand 서다 서는
Come 오다 오는
Sit 앉다 앉는
Buy 사다 사는
Sell 팔다 파는
Grow 자라다 자라는
Throw 던지다 던지는
Borrow 빌리다 빌리는
Lend 빌려주다 빌려주는
Play 놀다 노는
Write 쓰다 쓰는
Read 읽다 읽는
Listen to 듣다 듣는
Live 살다 사는
Die 죽다 죽는


These descriptive forms I are used in front of nouns to describe them, and form a present tense clause involving "who, which, that" of English. For example, the descriptive form I of 가다 is 가는 and 가는 기차 means a "train which goes". Literally, 가는 means "going" therefore 가는 기차 = a going train.

● Rules

First, take 다 off a verb and then,

1. add 는

Eg.
• 먹다 → 먹는 = eating
• 사과 먹는 난쟁이 → a dwarf who eats an apple (= Lit. an apple-eating dwarf)
• 잠자다 → 잠자는 = sleeping
• 잠자는 공주 → a princess who sleeps (= Lit. A sleeping princess)
• 죽다 → 죽는 = dying
• 죽는 병사 → a soldier who is dying (= Lit. a dying soldier)
• 믿다 → 믿지 않는 = not believing/unbelieving
• 믿지 않는 토마스 → Thomas who does not believe (= Lit. unbelieving Thomas)
2. Take ㄹ off a verb with a final consonant, ㄹ and add 는.

Eg.
• 팔다 → 파는 = selling
• 골동품 파는 가게 → A shop which sells antiques (= Lit. An antique-selling shop)
• 살다 → 사는
• 사는 곳 → A place where I'm living (= Lit. A living place)

More examples
• 사막에서 자라는 선인장 = A cactus which grows in the desert (= Lit. A desert-growing cactus)
• 내가 읽는 책은 다 유익하다. = All the books that I read are informative.
Posted by Luke at 8/30/2008 11:12:00 PM 0 comments Links to this post
Labels: Grammar, Verb
Verbs - Future [Will]
Verbs - Will [~거다]

Study the rules and the table below. It should be easy to follow.
There are two ways of expressing negatives and "안~" form which is more convenient to use is more common than the other.

will do won't do
Written Form 할 거다 하지 않을 거다
안 할 거다
Spoken Form 할 거야 하지 않을 거야
안 할 거야

Note: The bold letters are the more commonly used form of the two alternatives in each box.

Rules: Will


1. Take 다 off a verb without a final consonant and attach ㄹ 거다 to it.
eg.
• 하다 → 할 거다 (will do)
• 가다 → 갈 거다 (will go)
• 자다 → 잘 거다 (will sleep)
2. Take 다 off a verb with a final consonant and attach 을 거다 to it.
eg.
• 먹다 → 먹을 거다 (will eat)
• 입다 → 입을 거다 (will wear)
• 앉다 → 앉을 거다 (will sit)

Rules: Won't

Take 다 off a verb and attach 지 않을 거다 to it.
eg.
• 하다 → 하지 않을 거다 (won't do)
• 가다 → 가지 않을 거다 (won't go)
• 자다 → 자지 않을 거다 (won't sleep)
• 먹다 → 먹지 않을 거다 (won't eat)
• 입다 → 입지 않을 거다 (won't wear)
• 앉다 → 앉지 않을 거다 (won't sit)

Example Sentences
• 집에 갈 거야? = Will you go home?
• 존은 박물관에 들어갈 거야 = John will enter the museum
• 난 방에서 기타 칠 거야 = I will play the guitar in my room
• 사라는 수영 할 거야 = Sarah will swim
• 다윗은 골리앗 이길 거야 = David will beat Goliath
집 = home
존 = John
들어가다 = enter
기타 = guitar
치다 = play (the instrument)
사라 = Sarah
수영 = swim
다윗 = David
골리앗 = Goliath

Question Form

Raise the tone of your voice at the last syllable to turn it into a question form.
• 올림픽 볼 거야? (Will you watch Olympics?)
• 축구 할 거야? (Will you do(play) soccer?)
• 씻을 거야? (Will you wash?/Will you take a shower?/Will you take a bath?)
• 벌써 잘 거야? (Will you sleep already?)
• 학교 안 갈 거야? (Won't you go to school?)
• 점심 안 먹을 거야? (Won't you have lunch?)
• 이 책 안 읽을 거야? (Won't you read this book?)


Polite Form

While the spoken form above is used between close friends or when older people are talking to younger people in informal situations. The polite form is used commonly between adults, by people in formal situations or when younger people are speaking to older people.
I. Informal (Spoken) → Polite (Spoken)

Rule: 야 → 예요
eg.
• 할 거야 → 할 거예요 = I will do
• 먹을 거야 → 먹을 거예요 = I will eat
• 달리지 않을 거야 → 달리지 않을 거예요 = I won't run

Polite Spoken Form Will do Won't do
할 거예요 하지 않을 거예요
안 할 거예요
• 집에 갈 거예요? = Will you go home?
• 존은 박물관에 들어갈 거예요 = John will enter the museum
• 나는 방에서 기타 칠 거예요 = I will play the guitar in my room
• 사라는 수영 할 거예요 = Sarah will swim
• 다윗은 골리앗 이길 거예요 = David will beat Goliath
• 올림픽 볼 거예요? (Will you watch Olympics?)
• 축구 할 거예요? (Will you do(play) soccer?)
• 씻을 거예요? (Will you wash?/Will you take a shower?/Will you take a bath?)
• 벌써 잘 거예요? (Will you sleep already?)
• 학교 안 갈 거예요? (Won't you go to school?)
• 점심 안 먹을 거예요? (Won't you have lunch?)
• 이 책 안 읽을 거예요? (Won't you read this book?)

II. Informal (Written) → Polite (Written)

Rule: 거다 → 겁니다
eg.
• 할 거다 → 할 겁니다 = I will do
• 먹을 거다 → 먹을 겁니다 = I will eat
• 달리지 않을 거다 → 달리지 않을 겁니다 = I won't run

Will do Won't do
Polite Written Form 할 겁니다 하지 않을 겁니다
안 할 겁니다
Verbs - Can
Verbs - Can [~수 있다]
Informal Can do Could do
Written 할 수 있다 할 수 있었다
Spoken 할 수 있어 할 수 있었어

Informal Can't do Couldn't do
Written 할 수 없다 할 수 없었다
Spoken 할 수 없어
못 해 할 수 없었어
못 했어

Note: In spoken Korean, 못 해 and 못 했어 are more commonly used than 할 수 없어 and 할 수 없었어.

Rules

1. Take 다 off a plain form of verbs without a final consonant and attach ㄹ 수 있다. For verbs which have ㄹ as a final consonant, attach 수 있다.

Eg.
• 하다 → 할 수 있다 (can do)
• 가다 → 갈 수 있다 (can go)
• 보다 → 볼 수 있다 (can see)
• 마시다 → 마실 수 있다 (can drink)
• 달리다 → 달릴 수 있다 (can run)
• 자다 → 잘 수 있다 (can sleep)
• 놀다 → 놀 수 있다 (can play/muck around)
• 살다 → 살 수 있다 (can live)
• 날다 → 날 수 있다 (can fly)
2.Take 다 off a verb with a final consonant and add 을 수 있다.

Eg.
• 먹다 → 먹을 수 있다 (can eat)
• 입다 → 입을 수 있다 (can wear)
• 앉다 → 앉을 수 있다 (can sit)
• 잡다 → 잡을 수 있다 (can catch)
Exceptions
• 듣다 → 들을 수 있다 (can hear)
• 걷다 → 걸을 수 있다 (can walk)
3. Insert 못 in front of the spoken form of positive informal verbs to express "can't do" and "couldn't do."

Eg.
• 해 → 못 해 (can't do)
• 와 → 못 와 (can't come)
• 봐 → 못 봐 (can't see)
• 가 → 못 가 (can't go)
• 들어 → 못 들어 (can't hear)
• 먹어 → 못 먹어 (can't eat)
• 갔어 → 못 갔어 (couldn't go)
• 들었어 → 못 들었어 (couldn't hear)
• 먹었어 → 못 먹었어 (couldn't eat)

Example Sentences
• 치타는 빨리 달릴 수 있다 = A cheetah can run fast.
• 종달새는 하늘을 날 수 있다 = A lark can fly in the sky.
• 솔로몬은 어려운 수수께끼를 풀 수 있다 = Solomon can solve a difficult riddle.
• 애완동물은 박물관에 들어갈 수 없다. = A pet cannot enter the museum.
• 기타 칠 수 있어 = I can play the guitar.
• 나는 해물은 못 먹어 = I can't eat seafood.
• 아파서 학교에 못 갔어 = Because I was sick, I couldn't go to school.
치타 = cheetah
빨리 = fast, quickly
날다 = fly
종달새 = lark
존 = John
박물관 = museum
들어가다 = enter
기타 = guitar
치다 = play (the instrument)
사라 = Sarah
수영 = swim
솔로몬 = Solomon
어려운 = difficult
수수께끼 = riddle
풀다 = solve
아프다 = sick
해물 = seafood

Formal Form
Formal Can do Could do
Written 할 수 있습니다 할 수 있었습니다
Spoken 할 수 있어요 할 수 있었어요

Formal Can't do Couldn't do
Written 할 수 없습니다 할 수 없었습니다
Spoken 할 수 없어요
못 해요 할 수 없었어요
못 했어요

Note:

The informal spoken form is used between close friends or when older people are talking to younger people in informal situations. The formal form is used commonly between adults, by people in formal situations or when younger people are speaking to older people.

못 해요 and 못 했어요 are more commonly used than 할 수 없어요 and 할 수 없었어요.

Rules

1. Informal (Written) → Formal (Written)
- Replace 다 with 습니다.

2. Informal (Spoken) → Formal (Spoken)
- Attach 요 at the end of a sentence.


Example Sentences
• 치타는 빨리 달릴 수 있습니다 = A cheetah can run fast.
• 종달새는 하늘을 날 수 있습니다 = A lark can fly in the sky.
• 솔로몬은 어려운 수수께끼를 풀 수 있습니다 = Solomon can solve a difficult riddle.
• 애완동물은 박물관에 들어갈 수 없습니다. = A pet cannot enter the museum.
• 기타 칠 수 있어요 = I can play the guitar.
• 나는 해물은 못 먹어요 = I can't eat seafood.
• 아파서 학교에 못 갔어요 = Because I was sick, I couldn't go to school.
Verbs - Have
Verbs - Have (있다) / Don't have (없다)

There are two ways of expressing negatives and "안~" form which is more convenient to use is more common than the other.


Written Form Have Don't have
있다 없다
가지고 있다 가지고 있지 않다
안 가지고 있다

Spoken Form Have Don't have
있어 없어
가지고 있어 가지고 있지 않아
안 가지고 있어

Have (있다)

Expressing that you have/own something is easy to do. You use a verb, 있다. 있다 essentially means "there is." Although there is a word for "have" which is "가지고 있다". It is not commonly used in spoken Korean because it is just too long to say so we use instead "있다".
• written form → 있다
• spoken form → 있어
Sentences

Written Form
• 책이 있다 = I have a book (Lit. There is a book)
• 핸드폰이 있다 = I have a mobile phone
• 시계가 있다 = I have a watch
• 책을 가지고 있다 = I have a book
• 핸드폰을 가지고 있다 = I have a mobile phone
Spoken Form
• 책(을) 가지고 있어
• 핸드폰(을) 가지고 있어
• 책(이) 있어
• 핸드폰(이) 있어
• 시계(가) 있어
Note: 1. Use 이/가 with "있다" and 을/를 with "가지고 있다".
2. The object particles are normally unspoken.

When you have a brother or sister, you CANNOT use "가지고 있다" because it implies the ownership. You don't own a brother or sister but simply there is a brother or sister in your family. So you must use 있다.

For example,
Written Form
• 남동생이 있다 (I have a younger brother)
• 여동생이 있다(I have a younger sister)
Spoken Form
• 남동생(이) 있어 (I have a younger brother)
• 형(이) 있어 (I have an older brother)
• 누나(가) 있어 (I have an older sister)
Don't have (없다)

없다 means "don't have" or literally "there isn't." The negative form of 가지고 있다 is 가지고 있지 않다 or more commonly 안 가지고 있다.

For example,
Written Form
• 있다 → 없다
• have → don't have (Lit. there isn't)
• 가지고 있다 → 가지고 있지 않다
• have → don't have
Spoken Form
• 있어 → 없어
• have → don't have (Lit. there isn't)
• 가지고 있어 → 가지고 있지 않아
• have → don't have
Sentences

Written Form
• 책이 없다(I don't have a book)
• 핸드폰이 없다 (I don't have a mobile phone)
• 시계가 없다 (I don't have a watch)
• 책을 가지고 있지 않다 (I don't have/own a book)
• 핸드폰을 가지고 있지 않다 (I don't have/own a mobile phone)

Spoken Form
• 책(이) 없어
• 핸드폰(이) 없어
• 시계(가) 없어
• 책(을) 가지고 있지 않아
• 핸드폰(을) 가지고 있지 않아

Question Form

In spoken Korean, you'd simply change your intonation by raising the tone at the last letter. To practice this, you'd need to watch Korean dramas or other TV programmes. Listen carefully to actors' intonation when they're asking or questioning.
• 남동생(이) 있어? (Do you have a younger brother?)
• 형(이) 있어? (Do you have an older brother?)
• 누나(가) 있어? (Do you have an older sister?)
• 책(이) 없어? (Don't you have a book?)
• 핸드폰(이) 없어? (Don't you have a mobile phone?)
• 시계(가) 없어? (Don't you have a watch?)

Formal Form

While the spoken form above is used between close friends or when older people are talking to younger people in informal situations. The formal form is used commonly between adults, by people in formal situations or when younger people are speaking to older people.

I. Informal (Spoken) → Formal (Spoken)

● Just add 요 at the end of a sentence.

Formal Spoken Form Have Don't have
있어요 없어요
가지고 있어요 가지고 있지 않아요
안 가지고 있어요
• 남동생 있어요? (Do you have a younger brother?)
• 형 있어요? (Do you have an older brother?)
• 누나 있어요? (Do you have an older sister?)
• 책 없어요? (Don't you have a book?)
• 핸드폰 없어요? (Don't you have a mobile phone?)
• 시계 없어요? (Don't you have a watch?)

II. Informal (Written) → Formal (Written)

● 다 → 습니다

Formal Written Form Have Don't have
있습니다 없습니다
가지고 있습니다 가지고 있지 않습니다
안 가지고 있습니다
Verbs - Want
Verbs - Want [~고 싶다]
Informal Written Form Present Past
Positive 하고 싶다 하고 싶었다
Negative 하고 싶지 않다
하기 싫다 하고 싶지 않았다
하기 싫었다

Informal Spoken Form Present Past
Positive 하고 싶어 하고 싶었어
Negative 하고 싶지 않아
하기 싫어 하고 싶지 않았어
하기 싫었어

Note: 하고 싶지 않다 and 하기 싫다 both mean "I don't want to do." However, In written Korean, 하고 싶지 않다 is more commonly used whereas in spoken Korean, 하기 싫어 is more commonly used. 하기 싫어 literally means "I hate to do."

The bold letters indicate which one is more commonly used.

Rule

Take 다 off a plain form of verbs and attach 고 싶다/고 싶었다/기 싫다/기 싫었다/고 싶어/고 싶었어 etc.

Examples (Written Form)
• 하다 → 하고 싶다 = I want to do.
• 먹다 → 먹고 싶다 = I want to eat.
• 날다 → 날고 싶었다 = I wanted to fly.
• 놀다 → 놀고 싶지 않았다 = I did't want to play.
• 마시다 → 마시고 싶지 않았다 = I didn't want to drink.
• 바나나가 먹고 싶지 않았다 = I didn't want to eat a banana.
• 하늘에서 날고 싶지 않았다 = I didn't want to fly in the sky.
Examples (Spoken Form)
• 하다 → 하고 싶어 = I want to do.
• 먹다 → 먹고 싶어 = I want to eat.
• 날다 → 날고 싶었어 = I wanted to fly.
• 놀다 → 놀기 싫어 = I don't want to play.
• 마시다 → 마시기 싫었어 = I didn't want to drink.
• 바나나 먹기 싫어 = I don't want to eat a banana.
• 하늘 날기 싫었어 = I didn't want to fly in the sky.
Questions (Spoken Form)
• 자고 싶어? = Do you want to sleep?
• 어. 자고 싶어. = Yes, I want to sleep.
• 뭐 먹고 싶어? = What do you want to eat?
• 라면 먹고 싶어. = I want to eat noodles.
• 어디 가고 싶어? = Where do you want to go?
• 공원에 가고 싶어. = I want to go to a park.
Formal Form
Formal
Written Form Present Past
Positive 하고 싶습니다 하고 싶었습니다
Negative 하고 싶지 않습니다
하기 싫습니다 하고 싶지 않았습니다
하기 싫었습니다

Formal
Spoken Form Present Past
Positive 하고 싶어요 하고 싶었어요
Negative 하고 싶지 않아요
하기 싫어요 하고 싶지 않았어요
하기 싫었어요

Note: The informal spoken form is used between close friends or when older people are talking to younger people in informal situations. The formal form is used commonly between adults, by people in formal situations or when younger people are speaking to older people.

Rules
For the formal written form, the suffix , 다, is replaced by 습니다.
For the formal spoken form, attach 요 at the end of a sentence.

Examples (Written Form)
• 하다 → 하고 싶습니다 = I want to do.
• 먹다 → 먹고 싶습니다 = I want to eat.
• 날다 → 날고 싶었습니다 = I wanted to fly.
• 놀다 → 놀고 싶지 않았습니다 = I did't want to play.
• 마시다 → 마시고 싶지 않았습니다 = I didn't want to drink.
Examples (Spoken form)
• 하다 → 하고 싶어요 = I want to do.
• 먹다 → 먹고 싶어요 = I want to eat.
• 날다 → 날고 싶었어요 = I wanted to fly.
• 놀다 → 놀기 싫었어요 = I did't want to play.
• 마시다 → 마시기 싫었어요 = I didn't want to drink.
More examples
• 자고 싶어요? = Do you want to sleep?
• 네. 자고 싶어요. = Yes, I want to sleep.
• 뭐 먹고 싶어요? = What do you want to eat?
• 라면 먹고 싶어요. = I want to eat noodles.
• 어디 가고 싶어요? = Where do you want to go?
• 공원에 가고 싶어요. = I want to go to a park.

In addition:
When talking about a third person, '고 싶어 한다' is used instead of 고 싶다, and '고 싶어해' instead of 고 싶어.

Examples
• 가다 → 가고 싶어 한다
• 루크는 극장에 가고 싶어 한다 = Luke wants to go to the theatre.
• 선미는 사과주스 마시고 싶어해 = Sunmi wants to drink an apple juice.
Posted by Luke at 12/02/2006 03:03:00 PM 6 comments Links to this post
Labels: Grammar, Verb
07 November 2006
Verbs - Spoken Form
The Spoken Form of Verbs

The following dialogue between two close friends involve the informal spoken forms of verbs.

잘 = well
쇼핑 = shopping
어 = yes
오전 = am
오후 = pm
먼저 갈게 = I'll go first


This dialogue should be easy to comprehend.

대화 시작 = The conversation starts
상우: 지우야, 뭐 해?
지우: 밥 먹어.
상우: 어디 가?
지우: 어. 학교 가.
상우: 언제 가?
지우: 9시에.
상우: 왜?
지우: 학교에서 공부해.
상우: 재밌어?
지우: 어. 재밌어.
상우: 어떻게 공부해?
지우: 선생님이 가르쳐 주셔.
상우: 아~ 그래?
지우: 어. 너는 뭐 해?
상우: 나는 쇼핑 가.
지우: 언제?
상우: 오후 3시에.
지우: 밥은 먹었어?
상우: 어. 먹었어. 나 먼저 갈게. 잘 있어~
지우: 잘 가~

Sang-u: Ji-u, what are you doing?
Ji-u: I'm eating.
Sang-u: Where are you going?
Ji-u: I'm going to school.
Sang-u: When are you going?
Ji-u: At 9 o'clock.
Sang-u: Why? [are you going to school?]
Ji-u: I study at school.
Sang-u: Is it fun?
Ji-u: Yes, it's fun.
Sang-u: How do you study?
Ji-u: My teacher teaches me.
Sang-u: Ahh... really?
Ji-u: Yeap. How about you?
Sang-u: I'll go shopping
Ji-u: When?
Sang-u: At 3 o'clock pm.
Ji-u: Did you have a meal?
Sang-u: Yes. I have. I'll go first then. Bye~
Ji-u: Bye~

This is a conversation between Sang-u and Ji-u. This is a type of conversation that is common between close friends, yet it is extremely simple to understand even for beginners of Korean. So pay attention to how these "spoken forms" are used.

● A list of written forms and their respective spoken forms.

Written Form - Spoken Form
[For detailed explanation, refer to (Verbs - Present, Past)]


go = 가다 - 가
come = 오다 - 와
do = 하다 - 해
eat = 먹다 - 먹어
give = 주다 - 줘
receive = 받다 - 받아
play = 놀다 - 놀아
sleep = 자다 - 자
run = 달리다 - 달려
teach = 가르치다 - 가르쳐
learn = 배우다 - 배워
These spoken forms are informal so you should only use them with very close friends.
Verbs - Present, Past
Verbs - Present and Past Tenses
동사 [Verbs]
The plain form of verbs is almost never used in both written and spoken Korean. The only instance where the plain form is used is when it's listed in the dictionary. The plain form is the most basic form which can be conjugated to produce many other derivatives and tenses of verbs.
There are two ways of expressing negatives and "안~" form is more commonly used in spoken Korean.
Examples of a plain form of verbs
• 하다 = do
• 달리다 = run
• 먹다 = eat
• 가다 = go
Factual/Declarative
(Written) Plain Present Past
Positive 먹다 먹는다 먹었다
Negative 먹지 않다 먹지 않는다
안 먹는다 먹 지 않았다
안 먹었다

Dialogue/Conversation
(Spoken) Plain Present Past
Positive 먹다 먹어 먹었어
Negative 먹지 않다 먹지 않아
안 먹어 먹지 않았어
안 먹었어

Note: The bold letters above indicate which one of the two alternatives is more commonly used in each context.
A Table of Commonly Used Verbs
Written Spoken
Plain Present Past Present Past
Run 달 리다 달린다 달렸다 달려 달렸어
Eat 먹 다 먹는다 먹었다 먹어 먹었어
Go 가 다 간다 갔다 가 갔어
Stand 서다 선다 섰다 서 섰어
Come 오다 온다 왔다 와 왔어
Sit 앉 다 앉는다 앉았다 앉아 앉았어
Buy 사 다 산다 샀다 사 샀어
Sell 팔다 판다 팔았다 팔아 팔았어
Grow 자라다 자란 다 자랐다 자라 자랐어
Throw 던지다 던진 다 던졌다 던져 던졌어
Borrow 빌리다 빌린 다 빌렸다 빌려 빌렸어
Lend 빌려주다 빌 려준다 빌려주었다 빌려줘 빌려주었어
Play 놀다 논다 놀았다 놀아 놀았어
Write 쓰다 쓴다 썼다 써 썼어
Read 읽다 읽는다 읽었다 읽어 읽었어
Listen 듣다 듣는다 들었다 들어 들었어
Live 살다 산다 살았다 살아 살았어
Die 죽 다 죽는다 죽었다 죽어 죽었어

I. Plain Form → Present Tense (Written)
● Rules
1. For verbs with a final consonant, replace 다 with 는다
Eg.
• 먹다 → 먹는다 = eat
• 사과 먹는다 → eat an apple
• 걷다 → 걷는다 = walk
• 사람은 걷는다 → A human-being walks
• 믿다 → 믿는다 = believe
• 나는 예수님을 믿는다 → I believe Jesus
2. For verbs without a final consonant, replace 다 with ㄴ 다.
• 잠자다 → 잠잔다 = sleep
• 지금 새들은 잠잔다 = Now birds sleep (= Now birds are sleeping)
• 가다 → 간다 = go
• 민아는 학교를 간다 = Min-a goes to school
3. For verbs with ㄹ as a final consonant, replace ㄹ with ㄴ. .
• 팔다 → 판다 = sell
• 이 가게는 과일을 판다 → This shop sells fruits
• 살다 → 산다 = live
• 지우는 여기에서 산다 → Ji-u lives here
II. Plain Form → Past Tense (Written)
● Rules
First Take 다 off a verb, then:
1. For verbs without a final consonant, just add ㅆ. 사다: 사 + ㅆ 다 = 샀다 = bought
• 가다: 가 + ㅆ 다 = 갔다 = went
• 자라다: 자라 + ㅆ 다 = 자랐다 = grew
Note: 하다 becomes 했다, NOT 핬다.
2. For verbs with a final consonant, add 었 or 았.
(For a verb with ㅏ or ㅗ, add 았, and for a verb with ㅓ, ㅜ or ㅣ, add 었) 날다: 날 + 았다 = 날았다 = flew
• 놀다: 놀 + 았다 = 몰았다 = drove (a car), urged on (a horse)
• 먹다: 먹 + 었다 = 먹었다 = ate
• 죽다: 죽 + 었다 = 죽었다 = died
• 밀다: 밀 + 었다 = 밀었다 = pushed
3. For verbs with ㅣ as a final verb, change it to ㅕ and add ㅆ.
• 던지다: 던지 → 던졌 → 던졌다 = threw
• 빌리다: 빌리 → 빌렸 → 빌렸다 = borrowed
• 실리다: 실리 → 실렸 → 실렸다 = to be loaded
4. For verbs with ㅡ as a final vowel, replace it with ㅓ and ㅆ. 크다: 크 → 컸 → 컸다 = grew
• 쓰다: 쓰 → 썼 → 썼다 = wrote
• 트다: 트 → 텄 → 텄다 = sprouted
Irregular Verbs
• 하다 → 했다
• 듣다 → 들었다
• 오다 → 왔다


III. Plain Form → Present Tense (Spoken)

● Rules

1. For verbs with ㅏ/ㅓ and no final consonant, just take 다 off.

가다 → 가
• 서다 → 서
• 사다 → 사
• 자라다 → 자라
Exceptions: A verb with 하 as a final letter, 하 changes to 해.
하다 →해 (do)
• 원하다 → 원해 (want)
• 구하다 → 구해 (save)
2. For verbs with ㅗ/ㅜ and no final consonant, add ㅏ for ㅗ verbs and ㅓ for ㅜ verbs.
오다 → 와
• 빌려주다 → 빌려줘
• 미루다 → 미뤄 (procrastinate)
3. For a verb with 르 as a final letter, add ㄹ to a letter before 르 and 르 changes to 라 for ㅏ/ㅗ verbs and 러 for ㅓ/ㅜ/ㅣ verbs. 가르다 → 갈라 (divide)
• 자르다 → 잘라 (cut)
• 오르다 → 올라 (climb)
• 주무르다 → 주물러 (massage)
• 구르다 → 굴러 (roll)
• 가로지르다 → 가로질러 (cross)
4. For a verb with l and no final consonant, change ㅣto 여.
지다 → 져 = lose
• 이기다 → 이겨 = win
• 던지다 → 던져 = throw
5. For a verb with a final consonant, first take 다 off then add 아 for ㅏ/ㅗ verbs, and 어 for ㅓ/ㅜ verbs.
앉다 → 앉아 = sit
• 먹다 → 먹어 = eat
Irregular
• 듣다 → 들어 = listen
IV. Past Tense (Written) → Past Tense (Spoken)
● simply change 다 to 어.
• 달렸다 → 달렸어 = ran
• 먹었다 → 먹었어 = ate
• 갔다 → 갔어 = went
• 왔다 → 왔어 = came
• 마셨다 → 마셨어 = drank

No comments:

Post a Comment